EBS_freak

As some of you have seen, I've started work on a beginners guide to IEMs. I've put a couple of sections in and currently writing the third (which is about mixers and generating your mix via aux busses). Is there anything in particular that you guys think should be included? Feel free for some pointers and we can all work towards getting the guide written to help everybody get onboard without having to trawl through this thread. There's some great info in this thread -- but obviously we could do with teasing the best bits out of it and presenting it in a more concise manner!

No need for that @caitlin, I'll give you some pointers on limiting from my point of view and combine them into a post above, no need to delete. Will get stuff the important stuff posted at the beginning of the thread but there's nothing stopping having conversations in this or the other thread. Limiting - basically, on some radio systems, there is a limit function. This leads people to thinking that there's some sort of compression circuit in there. Generally, theres not. What the limit function does is set a maximum volume so the user doesn't accidentally turn up the unit too loud by accident. It doesn't do any sort of audio compression or limiting. In order to enable such functionality, you'll need to introduce something that will do that compression or limiting for you. In the digital world, this is pretty straightforward. On a digital mixer, on the aux bus, you'll typically have control over the overall EQ of that bus and a compressor. If you want to implement a brick wall limiter, put a compressor on the output with a ratio of 20:1 (or as high as it will go if will not go to 20). Set the threshold - this will be the maximum volume that the bus will allow to pass, meaning anything that exceeds this will get squished down to that maximum volume. Make sure it has a fast attack so the compressor sets in quickly... and a relatively slow release. It will be a balance to get the gain structure right so that the program level doesn't exceed the threshold - and only when there are sudden spikes that the compressor kicks in. Analogue is more difficult as you'll require a separate piece of hardware to do the same. With digital becoming more and more affordable, I'd defo recommend go digital, for processing like the above alone.

7. SOME THOUGHTS ON SILENT STAGES One of the great things about IEMs, is that it opens up the opportunity for silent stages. As the name suggests, the silent stage allows for no (or minimal) sound to come from the stage itself and the only source of sound (as far as the audience is concerned) is from the FoH. All monitoring is direct into the artist's ears. Silent stages can be your best friend, especially in troublesome venues - and it will make your band sound better too, as there will be less reflections happening from backline and wedge monitors. By removing the number of open mics on stage (e.g. that are typically found on amps and drums, that go to front of house and wedge monitors), there will be a lot less chance of feedback and you will have a lot, lot more control of what is coming from the stage. For example, guitar cabs are highly directional - I'm sure we've all been to gigs where you stand in the audience on one side of the stage and get deafened by the overwhelming volume of the guitarist, yet when you stand on the other side of the stage, the guitarist is almost inaudible. This phenomenon is easily fixed; let the PA do all the heavy work instead of the backline - in fact, if you can, sack off the backline altogether. PA cabs have a lot more spread then guitar cabs - therefore the sound that your audience is likely to be more balanced, wherever they choose to stand. 7.1 SILENT STAGE CONSIDERATIONS - THE PA When using a silent stage, it is imperative that your PA can do the heavy weight lifting to cope for the whole band. This means that your PA setup has to be full range (e.g. a vocal only PA won't cut it) and have enough headroom to cope for the power sapping lows from the keyboard players left hand, kick drum and bass, whilst having enough headroom to cope with delivering the vocals clearly. In reality, you will need some high quality full range tops, or a set of tops and sub(s). A good set of affordable (bearing in mind, these are to the job of your vocal PA and replace your backline) full range tops are the RCF 735A, or RCF 745A cabs. The 3 and 4 in the middle of the model numbers of these cabs denote the size of the voice coil of the tweeter and are an incredibly rare addition to a lightweight, loud, ABS cased cab. The significance of this is that the crossover point can be a lot lower - allowing for the tweeter to pick up more of the midrange and free up the woofer (paper cone) to take care of the lows. These particular cabs will quite happily handle bass and kick for most gigging bands, without the addition of separate subwoofers. Having said that, if you band is playing larger venues or say, marquees, you may want to invest in some subs to help move that extra air and give the tops and easier time of it. As stated previously, with the band's sound only coming from the PA speakers, this enables more control of the sound and a greater, more even balance across the audience. 7.2 BUT WHAT ABOUT BACKLINE? Whether you are a bass player, guitarist, or whatever, you should consider thinking about whether having a silent stage would be a good move for you (of course it is!). For a lot of bass players and guitarists however, there can be a lot of attachment to having "your sound". In reality, the audience don't care - but if you do demand having your own rig and want some flexibility, you should consider going down the modelling route. There are loads of absolutely great modelling units out there now - whether it be a Line 6 Helix, Kemper Profiler, Neural DSP's Quad Cortex, Axe FX, Headrush, Postive Grid Bias or even offerings for the like of Boss, Zoom, Mooer et al (these are just a few, you are almost spoilt for choice now!) - and the likelihood is, that they will offer a more consistent, studio quality sound that is typically better than anything you could produce in troublesome gigging situations. They will sound great out front and amazing in your IEMS (especially if you are running stereo fx!). Again, there are less open mics to worry about, the sound of your PA mix won't be impacted by backline - and again, your band will sound a lot better for it, consistently sounding great at the venues you play. You'll notice there's a lot less reaching out and adjusting volume too. If anybody's ears do tire and they want to pump the volume in their IEMS, they do just that - using their own personal mix - without degrading the mix out front (although if you are doing it right and having your IEMs at the right volume, you should be able to get through soundcheck to the end of the gig without touching any faders). If you must use an amp, then consider using them offstage, or at least pointing away from the stage area (e.g. placed at the sides of the stage, off axis (e.g. sideways on) to the audience and facing off the stage - or maybe even contemplate doing what Bruce Springsteen does and have all the amps pointing skywards (although this may be problematic in the wrong venues! - but apply some common sense). The key thing is, keep their influence on the FoH mix to a minimum. Make sure mic bleed is minimised and depending upon your band's enthusiasm for putting ego aside and playing for the audience, keep the volume as low as you possibly can - let that PA do all the work in getting your sound into the ears of the audience. 7.3 BUT WHAT ABOUT DRUMS? Drummers tend to perform on acoustic kits as they prefer them - I get that. For a lot of venues however, acoustic kits are problematic. If you cannot get your vocal mics far enough away from the kit, there are likely to be problems with bleed - and getting rid of cymbal bleed from vocal mics is nigh on impossible, especially if you care about how your vocalist(s) sound. (The frequencies associated with presence and air for a vocalist, match those that are produced by the cymbals on a kit - if you remove those frequencies, your vocalist's sound will suffer and you are more likely to have feedback issues as you push the fader to make the vocalist push through the mix). There's a few tricks that you can utilise when using acoustic kits to help the problem that I can talk about here - but remember, if the snare is too loud for the venue and the drummer refuses to play quieter, or the cymbals are too loud for the venue, as far as the audience are concerned, your drummer has automatically sacrificed the sound of the whole band. My comment around live band sound is always this, as a a player, remember that you are playing for the audience. If you feel the need to turn around and start playing with your amp setting post soundcheck, sneakily pushing up the volume, or deliberately play quiet in soundcheck, you are doing your band's sound and audience a disservice. I'm sure that a lot of people have seen drum screens. Again, they are not always the drummers best friend - and for many, it's seen as an open invite to smash seven shades of **** out of a kit. (Note - don't play with those types of drummers). They can help bring the volume down but there are a few drawbacks that should be mentioned. they are seriously heavy and difficult to transport. In reality, they are a two person lift. Also of note, is that they tend to destroy any soft bags that they fit in due to their weight... so ultimately they end up in much heavier, harder wearing, flight/hard cases and ultimately, being left at home. they can cause problems with reflections when the kit is miced. The posher screens have sound absorbing panels (again, add to the cost, weight etc) but you still have to take into account back walls that can reflect sound back into the mics. You can get drum booths... but seriously, they are more for a static install, (think churches), take an age to put up... and look super weird at most venues. they aren't cheap and need to be looked after. Scratched drum screens look terrible. Like, really terrible - especially if stage lights hits them. You may wish to consider a halfway house and look at cymbal baffles /shields - which are effectively small screens that are placed around you cymbals to help lessen the amount of cymbal bleed into nearby mics. They don't offer the noise reduction on a kit like a full drum screen does, however, they may do just enough to help the problem, whilst being lighter and easier to transport (although do factor in the extra hardware and the associated weight needed to mount them. I have to say, for a lot of bands, electric drums would sound a lot better for your band. Electric drums have got so good now, you can get that processed, tight drum sound out of the box and you can get the volume of the drums right for the venue through the PA alone. The only aspect of electric kits that I realise are not quite there, are the hi-hats. Easy fix though, they are quiet enough to have as a single entity miced up next to an electric kit. Even the most simple of kits, even with the most simple of sample sets, can be supercharged by running into something like Slate Drums, Addictive Drums, Superior Drummer, EZdrummer etc to give you an incredible live sound - probably better than anything you could otherwise produce in a less than idea gigging environment. If the looks thing is a big thing for your drummer, you can always go down the mesh head route and use triggers (I actually love kick triggers for adding in sine waves to the kick for a super strong fundamental). This will give you the look of an acoustic kit but without the volume. Check out Jobecky drums if you want an acoustic looking kit that is ready to go in an electric drum sense. If you absolutely must go acoustic, make sure that you have a sympathetic drummer that plays for the audience and consider using small kits. Small, quiet, kits with dark cymbals sound much better in troublesome venues... and with all the processing that is available on digital desks, small kits that are miced up can be processed to sound massive - but without all the flab of big bass drums and ringy toms. 7.4 CORRECT MICS AND VOCAL TECHNIQUE I can't state the importance of this enough - use the correct mic for the job and ensure that people know how to use their mic to their full potential. Buying those ultra sensitive condenser mics that cost the earth may be appealing - but unless you have the stage space and acoustics to support them, they will often cause more headaches than they are worth. 99% of the time, dynamic mics are going to be the easiest to deploy whilst causing minimal headaches for the typical gigging musician. Vocal mics and bleed are the biggest problems that a lot of bands have. In short, if you are singing, your lips should be on the grille of the mic. OK, you may not get that studio quality recording - but this is a gig and it's important that you have the best signal to noise ratio that you can. The closer you can get to the mic, the more the vocal will sound louder than anything that can bleed into it. Result? Less chance of feedback and a cleaner sounding mix (both in your monitors and FoH). If you are listening to your band and it still sounds harsh and the cymbals are killing your ears, chances are, it's the treble bleed from the cymbals that are being picked up in vocal mics. Mic choice can greatly influence your sound also - I prefer to use mics such as the Audix OM5, OM7, OM11 - for their great off axis rejection. There are other great mics that are also great for off axis rejection - go and find the mic that works best and sounds best for you (of course, you may want to trade the best sounding mic for a little superior rejection - or have a few mics to choose from depending upon the venue). Of course, there is a downside for people with poor mic techniques; you have to sing into the mic capsule and NOT around the mic capsule. The greater the off axis rejection, the cleaner your source into the desk - however, as stated, it does require discipline when on the mic. If you are looking to implement a talk back or have a drummer that sings, you may want to look at utilising something like an optogate. An optogate is a simple phantom powered device that plugs into the back of the mic and switches the mic on and off based on your proximity to the mic. This means that whilst not in use, there is a gate that effectively takes that mic out of the mix - meaning no bleed. Not cheap considering how small they are - but can be incredible in keeping your mixes sounding clean out front. They are the business. USEFUL LINKS : https://www.rcf.it/products/product-detail/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_2MT9qNpeXdu4/20195/210091 - RCF 735A https://www.rcf.it/products/product-detail/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_2MT9qNpeXdu4/20195/210101 - RCF 745A https://uk.line6.com/helix/ - Line 6 Helix family modellers https://www.kemper-amps.com/ - Kemper profiling amps https://neuraldsp.com/products/quad-cortex - NeuralDSP Quad Cortex modeller https://www.fractalaudio.com/ - Fractical Audio modelling units (home of AxeFX) https://www.headrushfx.com/ - Headrush FX modellers https://www.positivegrid.com/ - Positve Grid modellers https://www.boss.info/uk/categories/multi-effects/ - Boss modelling units https://zoomcorp.com/en/gb/multi-effects/ - Zoom modelling units http://www.mooeraudio.com/product/MULTI-EFFECTS-19 - Mooer modelling units https://www.clearsonic.com/ - Clearsonic drum screens https://www.graceacoustics.co.uk/categories/Drum-Screens/ - Grace Acoustics drum screens http://www.drumscreens.co.uk/drumscreens/ - Drumscreens.co.uk drum screens https://www.clearsoundbaffles.com/ - Clearsound cymbal baffles /shields https://www.smokinacecasecompany.com/products/cymbal-shields - Smokin Ace cymbal baffles / shields https://www.roland.com/uk/categories/drums_percussion/v-drums_kits/ - Roland V Drums electric kits https://uk.yamaha.com/en/products/musical_instruments/drums/el_drums/drum_kits/index.html - Yamaha electric kits https://www.alesis.com/products/browse/category/e-drums - Alesis electric kits http://www.atvcorporation.com/en/products/drums/ad5/ - ATV electric kits https://pearlemerge.com/ - Pearl electric kit (featuring Steven Slate Drums) https://2box-drums.com/ - 2Box electric kits https://www.ddrum.com/ - ddrum electric kits and triggers https://jobekydrums.co.uk/ - Jobecky electric drums https://www.stevenslatedrums.com/ssd5/ - Steven Slate Drums virtual drum kit (plugin) https://www.xlnaudio.com/products/addictive_drums_2 - Addictive Drums 2 virtual drum kit (plugin) https://www.toontrack.com/product/superior-drummer-3/ - Superior Drummer 3 virtual drum kit (plugin) https://www.toontrack.com/product/ezdrummer-2/ - EZDrummer 2 virtual drum kit (plugin) https://audixusa.com/ - Audix Mics https://optogateonline.com/ - Optogate http://www.optogatesolutions.com/ - Optogate ------------ HERE ENDETH THE MAIN CONTENT - FEEL FREE FOR DISCUSSIONS UNDERNEATH! ------------

Ive been meaning to do this for a while... should make things a bit easier to digest for people new to IEMs.

6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT LOOKING AFTER YOUR EARS 6.1 CONCERNED ABOUT "SPIKES"? - WHAT ABOUT LIMITERS? As mentioned briefly above, one of the beauties of digital desks is that you have a whole wealth of processing available that historically would have taken racks and rack of outboard units to achieve with an analogue desk. One of the greatest concerns people have with IEMs is the risk of sudden peaks or transients that could be piped directly into your ears. In reality, the risk is relatively low but that does rely on a certain amount of expertise being utilised in the deployment of the PA setup and in-ear configuration. As stated above, putting a brick wall limiter, or say, a compressor with a ratio of say, 16:1-20:1 across the output busses that are feeding your IEM mix will protect against peaks that exceed the threshold that has been set on the compressor. Similarly, you can achieve the same with an analogue setup by putting a separate hardware device after your aux output to compress the signal before sending the audio onto your IEM headphone amplifier or transmitter. Mottlefeeder (forum member) posted an excellent post surrounding limiters for people that are up for a "home-brew" solution if you are handy with a soldering iron - "Still on the theme of limiting, I've been looking at the analogue side. Some headphone amps include limiting, and some don't, but none appear to have a limit that can be set to suit the sensitivity of the earphone, so a more sensitive earphone could still provide hearing damaging levels if used for too long at too high a volume. Also, if you use the headphone output of a mini-mixer to provide your monitor signal, you have no protection. Quite a lot of internet information is about limiting long-term noise exposure, and since we have already made the lifestyle choice to reduce the noise, that is unlikely to be relevant to us. That leaves us with protecting against feedback, mics being dropped, active instruments being plugged in to live channels etc. Headwise, a headphone enthusiasts' discussion forum, suggested the circuit below for headphone limiting, when placed between the volume control and the headphone amplifier, but it is not much use if you have an off-the-shelf unit. However with suitable component changes, the idea can be used between the headphone amplifier circuit and the headphone. Unfortunately, the headwise site is no longer with us, and I cannot find its successor. Wikipedia has an article on headphones https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones that contains a link to this limiter calculator which uses the same circuit idea, but calculates resistor values based on the impedance and sensitivity of the heaphone. http://www.jensign.com/S4/calc.html http://www.jensign.com/S4/schem1.jpg So, if you have a target maximum dB, and you know that the diodes are going to limit your available voltage (Vs) to 0.7V, you can calculate the resistance you need to achieve the limit target. Canford audio suggest a maximum permissibe limit of 93dB peaks to keep within the law https://www.canford.co.uk/TechZone/Article/HeadphoneLimiters but I also found a recommendation of 100dB for transients https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones Taking the Shure SE215 as a worked example, it has an impedance of 17 ohms, and an efficiency of 107dB/SPL/mW. Assuming cable resistance can be ignored, set Rs to 0.1, and set R2 to 10000, since it will have no effect compared with the headphone impedance. Entering these figures into the calculator (note the value is efficiency, not sensitivity), and setting Vs to 0.7 gives the value of 200 ohms for R1 to limit the headphone sound level to 99.5dB. In summary, two diodes and a resistor, per channel, and you have a limiter dedicated to your earphones." Of course, depending upon what setup you are using, there are different points at which you can control compression or limiting - for example, a lot of the field recorders have compression available on them that can insert compression over it's output, which again, will achieve the same effect. One word of advice with compression however, be wary of where you are inserting compression. Compression over an aux bus is good but be mindful of the effects of compression if you have the luxury of having processing available to you on each channel for a monitor specific mix. For example, just like hearing gated drums in your inears is horrible and won't win you any friends as a sound engineer, compressing a vocalists audio channel, can influence how that vocalist performs and can cause them to not sing as they normally would, hence impacting both the FoH performance and the monitor mix (as the vocalists tend to come off the mic as the make up gain makes them sound louder than they really are - and makes them over sing if the compressor is kicking in and the perceived volume in their ear is not as loud as they think it should be). So as always, when using compressors, use with care! 6.2 BUT I'VE ALREADY LOST PARTS OF MY HEARING... I CAN'T USE IEMS WITH MY HEARING AIDS...! For those that are in the unfortunate position of having lost some parts of their hearing, IEMs can still play a huge part in keeping your hearing safe. As outlined earlier, one of the primary purposes of IEMs is to keep your monitoring at a volume that will greatly reduce the exposure to potentially damaging sound pressure levels that could have a further impact on the health of your hearing. Some musicians however, wear hearing aids, that obviously prevent the use of IEMs as they already occupy the space in which an IEM can go - and additionally, hearing aids can have onboard fine tuning to help restore (boost) the frequencies that have been compromised in the wearers ears. Depending upon what desk you have available to you, the solution to restoring this fine tuning to match your hearing response profile can be fairly simple. On the aux output of desk, put an EQ across the output and shape the EQ to match the hearing profile required to cater for the losses in the damaged ears. It should be noted however, that this EQ generally (check on your desk if you can apply different EQs to a linked aux output) impacts the left and right channels as one. Damage may not be identical across both ears. Additionally, for an analogue desk there may not even be an option to apply EQ on an aux. There is a solution however - by installing a hardware EQ, such as a pair or 31 band EQs, you can apply a different EQ to each of the left or right channels, or split a mono aux feed to send to two hardware units to process different EQs for a left and right ear. From these hardware EQs, the signals are then sent to a stereo headphone amp or stereo wireless unit to get the signal into the IEM wearers ears. There a loads of great 31 band rack units out there that will do the job without breaking the bank (Behringer FBQ6200HD, Citronic 31 band EQ etc) - however, if you are looking for a more portable solution, the Boss EQ200 is a nice 10-band equaliser that will enable the processing of a L and R channel independently. USEFUL LINKS : https://www.boss.info/uk/products/eq-200/ - Boss EQ-200 10-band digital graphic equaliser

5. INTEGRATING A MONITOR SOLUTION WITH OTHER HOUSE SYSTEMS Of course, whilst it's easy to run your own PA when you are a self contained band - it's not always possible to run your own FoH systems when you are an originals or theatre band that do not have constant front of house systems night after night. So what's a possible solution? I've touched on running using something like a mini mixer with it's own set of mics or maybe a field recorder but there is an alternative option available to you. As long as you have the time to set up, you may want to consider running signal splits on the stage, so you you can run your own monitor mixer whilst the house takes care of your FoH needs. There's two ways of doing this; a set of analogue splits, or alternatively, split the signals digitally. The latter is a lot simpler, however, it does require a lot more knowledge from the house engineer and yourself, so may actually be a lot more complex if you haven't got the working knowledge! Alternatively, you could just mic everything twice into your own mixer that can feed monitor mixes for the whole band - but thats a lot of extra mics and cables across the stage if you want to cover all sources across the whole stage! 5.1 ANALOGUE SPLITS As it's name suggests, each analogue feed into the mixer is split with one of the feeds going to FoH and the other going to your monitor mixer that is part of your band's touring rig. The best way of doing this, is getting an isolated mic split unit (usually rack mountable). The isolated bit is important; it decreases the chance of cross talk and interference - but most importantly, means that only one desk can send phantom power to any phantom powered mics. Sending phantom power from one desk to the other is far from ideal! So, if you can talk to your friendly sound engineer BEFORE the gig, get them to cable into your splitter. You should also carry around two high quality XLR looms so that using one of the looms you can send the outputs to the FoH stage box (or direct to desk) and the other loom to your monitor mixer. Do not skimp on XLR looms - you won't be very popular if connections fail down to the use of your cheap looms. So to recap, plug all your mics and instrument feeds into the splitter(s) and use the primary outputs for front of house. Use the secondary outputs for monitoring to your own desk. (In a managed solution, I'm aware that the primary preamps are owned by the monitoring desks - but this is assuming that you are moving around venues where typically the venue doesn't run a dedicated monitoring desk and you as a visiting band are providing your own) Analogue splits are still the most common way of achieving a split between two desks. Above is a simple passive isolated split stage box utilising a pair of Behringer MS8000s. All the mics on stage are cabled into the MS8000s (u2 and u3) and split between the monitor desk (u1) and the FoH desk (u4). It may look small and neat - but do take into account that it significantly increases your cable count! Jimmyb625 is running quite a nice setup above, taking the MS8000s and doing a analogue split to a QU-SB. Same can be done with pretty much any digital mixer of your choice - but shows how you can still get quite a compact monitoring solution to tour with, that gives you full control of your own mix. (Just be sure to work with the sound engineers in advance to make them know of your requirements as it will impact their setup (and double their cable count) 5.2 DIGITAL SPLITS Digital splits can be somewhat overwhelming if you are the type of person that likes to see a single physical cable become two (or more) - however, if you have the hardware available to you, it is a very powerful tool that can open up many possibilities. One big advantage of digital desks is that you can tailor the routing to your specific needs. A neat trick is to patch a preamps out to multiple channels - so for example, you could have the mic input on input 1 being patched to both channel 1 and channel 2. Preamp gain would be controlled by one of those channels and the other would then have just digital trim. Why would you want to split channels like this? One strong reason, is so that you apply different processing to the two channels - and tailor one for front of house, and one for an IEM mix. This means you can apply different DSP, such as EQ, limiters, per channel, rather than just having one set of DSP over the whole aux mix. (e.g. you may want to boost the mids in say, just the bass guitar rather than boosting the mids on the whole of the aux mix). If you were to use something like a 32 input desk, you could split that to have 16 for FoH, 16 for monitors.... and that will give you a very powerful separate FoH/monitor solution. Of course, make sure that your IEM channels only go to your IEM auxes and FoH channels go to your FoH mix! As audio is introduced into a digital mixing device, it is generally routed internally within the desk through DSP before ultimately surfacing on an output bus. On some desks however, there is the means of surfacing that digital audio stream onto a network. Devices (e.g. another mixer, or maybe multiple mixers) on that network then subscribe to those audio channels, hence effectively achieving the same (but with absolutely no losses) as an analogue split. Behringer and Midas are championing AES50 and Allen and Heath have dSNAKE but arguably, the emerging standard in the pro Audio world is Audinate's Dante. For those hoping to interface their monitor rigs with in house rigs, this is where the problems starts. There's isn't a fixed standard as yet. You may stand a chance if you are running say, an X32 and have a Dante card installed. But again, this depends on you and the house engineer being able to digitally patch reliably (e.g. know what you are doing). This is where the analogue split undoubtedly wins out for simplicity. 5.2.1 DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE SPLITS Of course, you can also take a digital output and surface it via a physical analogue output. For example, there are plenty of digtal output devices that will take Dante streams and output to an analogue XLR. As a simpler example, for those that are running Ultranet systems (such as the Behringer XR18 or Midas MR18), you can convert the digital output of the ultranet channels back to analogue, to be connected to another desk such that you can run a 2 desk (e.g. FoH/Mon setup) deployment. By using Klarkteknic DM8008s, you can extract channels 1-8 and 9-16 (if you are running two DM8008s) to analogue outputs. Be aware, the outputs are on Euroblocks, so you will may need to wire up a panel if you require XLR connectivity. 5.3 DIGITAL FOH/MONITOR SPLIT EXAMPLE I'm a big fan of the Dante protocol and as quite a few people ask what my go to compact function rig looks like... my common rig looks like this (32 channel). Certainly a lot easier to lug around something like this on your own than the big Digicos! - ^^ [ click on the image to expand ] ^^ So just to quickly explain the above, for those that are interested... The bottom mixer has 32 analogue inputs into which I plug everything as normal (this isn't quite true, I do have feeds originating from the laptop and Dante AVIO adapters (they put analogue line feeds onto the Dante network)... but lets keep things simple eh?). Using Dante, the channels are also patched into the monitor mixer (at the top). This gives me independent DSP for front of house and inears (e.g. different EQs, different compression, different reverbs) - as mentioned previously, EQ for inears and FoH, whilst bearable, can be made much more optimal via separate DSP (I appreciate this is completely overkill for a lot of people - especially if you have been happy with a wedge and just looking to make the next step). The keen eyed amongst you probably realise that you can keep slinging in monitor desks to gain auxes (hey, it's one way of expanding the auxes available for monitor mixes). I've run a setup with 4 monitor desks to achieve high aux counts in this manner, all over Dante. So for those interested in the Macs - they enable me to record audio streams but also introduce software plug ins via Waves Multirack or LiveProfessor. A word of warning here - plug in use like this can introduce latency, so it's wise to tread carefully (reverbs and delays are where you can really score). If you get into it, it's worth investing in a Dante PCIe card to considerably reduce the latency. I've been toying with the idea of the Dante bridge WSG Bridge and running up a dedicated Waves Server... but the additional hardware and that voice in my head telling me this is overkill for IEMs is keeping my wallet safe for now. Anyway, I'd probably move to 96kHz consoles next anyway... (SQ Rack with all I/O onboard please? - yes, that's why I haven't moved on yet - and it's not on their roadmap...) Again, I appreciate this is probably above what most people want or need - but is here for completeness. And yes, I do use this at pub gigs too - and it should be known that the switches have been replaced for something a lot smaller which is now housed in the racks. So in short, my whole FoH and Monitoring rigs are housed in 3 3u racks. Not bad for 2x32 input desks and wireless monitoring eh? Of course, if I wanted to, I could use just one rig and split the desk to have say 2x16 channel mixers in one mixer and still get some DSP for just IEM use. USEFUL LINKS : http://orchid-electronics.co.uk/micsplit.htm - Orchid Electronics mic splitter https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Mixers/Splitters/MS8000/p/P0BKC#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer MS8000 mic splitter https://artproaudio.com/product/s8-3way-eight-channel-three-way-mic-splitter/ - Art S8 mic splitter https://www.studiospares.com/8-channel-mic-splitter-studiospares-red800-458950.htm - Studiospares 8 way RED800 channel splitter. DISCONTINUED https://www.palmer-germany.com/en/products/signal-splitter-switcher/12481/rmms-8 - Palmer PRMMS8 8 channel mic splitter https://www.studiospares.com/studiospares-red506-mic-splitter-458250.htm - Studiospares singe RED506 channel splitter (Useful if you just want a simple single split from your amp or mic for example) http://audinate.com - Audinate webpage - home of Dante https://audiostrom.com - Audiostrom webspage - home of LiveProfessor, plugin host https://www.waves.com/mixers-racks/multirack#introduction-to-multirack - Waves Multirack, plugin host

4. BUT WHAT HAPPENS IF I LIKE THE FEELING OF "BIG AIR"? With IEMs, one of the big advantages is that you can run stage volumes a lot lower... or perhaps, even dispose of backline altogether. Some people struggle with this as they like the feeling of the floor shaking beneath their feet or/and the feeling of volume on stage. Of course, with IEMs, it's all about reducing the SPL and getting a better mix out front and protecting your hearing... so how do we address this? 4.1 BODY WORN HAPTIC DEVICES Body worn haptic devices are beginning to come a bit more common place. What these devices do, is effectively vibrate in accordance to the frequencies that are fed into it... so you know that feeling you get when you stand in front of a big subwoofer at volume? - yeah, that. There are a number of devices out there that do this and all are subtly different. For example, you have devices like the Backbeat - which fit onto the back of your instrument strap, or the Woojer Strap - that sits on your hips or across your chest and back (and has a couple of transducers that are facing each other. There's also the Woojer vest and things like the SubPac. How you attach these into your monitor feed is again, slightly different or can be tailored to your needs. For example, you can use the "through" method to take the feed from your bass before it travels onto the next point in your chain... or post aux. But again, you may not want everything that is coming from the aux to go into your haptic device - so depending upon your requirements, you may have to factor in an extra aux on your desk to control what you want to send to your haptic device. Again, depending upon your setup, this can become quite clunky - so it's worthwhile spending the time to see which solution best fits you. A big advantage of these devices is that they remain relatively portable and lightweight. 4.2 PLATFORM HAPTIC DEVICES Like body worn devices, floorboard or platforms provide haptic feedback to those standing on the platform and give the feeling of large subs and movement of air. They can be very responsive in the feel of lows but the better systems will equally transfer detail in harmonics. Again, depending upon what you want from them, you'll have to think about routing - for example, do you want just the bass going through the board - or do you want the lows from the drummer's kick and toms... and the sub notes from any synths? One word of warning though - these devices are best used subtly. Whilst the fairground ride is all very entertaining to begin with, it's the subtle movement in conjunction with your IEM mix where the real magic happens. There's various home-brew boards available but the most common commercially available boards are from the likes of Porter and Davies and Eich. Each have their positive and negatives (as always). Unlike the portable haptic devices, these platforms are typically bulky, heavy and require separate amplifiers - as well as coming at a considerable cost. If one of your primary advantages of going portable and lightweight, then the attributes of haptic platforms should be taken into consideration before investing. 4.3 THRONE HAPTIC DEVICES For those that like to sit down, there are also (drum) throne options. P&D arguably are the most well known for these systems - but there are also offerings like the Throne Thumper from Pearl, Buttkicker and more recently, Eich. USEFUL LINKS : http://woojer.com - Woojer haptic strap and vest https://subpac.com - Subpac haptic vest https://www.getbackbeat.com - Backbeat guitar strap mounted haptic feedback device https://www.porteranddavies.co.uk/products/kt-platform/ - Porter and Davies haptic KT Platform https://www.eich-amps.com/de-DE/bassboard-xs- Eich haptic bass board (extra small) https://www.eich-amps.com/de-DE/bassboard-s- Eich haptic bass board (small) https://www.eich-amps.com/de-DE/bassboard-m - Eich haptic bass board (medium) https://www.eich-amps.com/de-DE/bassboard-l- Eich haptic bass board (large) https://www.eich-amps.com/drumchair - Eich haptic drum throne https://www.pearleurope.com/product/electronic-drums/throne-thumper-1/ - Link has been removed from Pearl's site, so I am not sure if it has been discontinued, however a google search on thmp-1 brings back a lot of results and it looks like plenty of places still have it in stock. https://thebuttkicker.com/ - Buttkicker haptic feedback devices

3. THE SOURCE! Arguably, it all starts here – but having said that, if any of the components in the chain, the source, the transport and ultimately the IEM is weak, the overall result will be compromised. As stated previously, when using IEMs, you should assume that you can hear nothing unless it is miced up/DIed etc into a desk. The desk – let’s talk about the desk. 3.1 USING AUXES TO GENERATE YOUR MONITOR MIX As covered off above, you’ll need an aux bus for each mono feed, so consequently, you’ll need 2 aux busses for each player (or independent mix) for a stereo feed. This is a really important consideration when it comes to your choice of desk. The type of aux is also of great importance. You’ll see that there are two types of aux sends; these are pre-fader and post-fader. For IEM use – and wedge use for that matter - we want pre-fader. What this means is that whatever is done to the front of house mix in terms of moving faders, that adjustment does not have any implication on the aux mix which is driving your IEMs. Cost wise, analogue desks tend to have fewer auxes than digital desks. For example, large 32 channel analogue desks tend to have 6 aux busses for use, whereas it is typical for 32 channel digital systems to have 14 aux busses. As you can see, this is a considerable difference –especially if you are considering running your monitor mixes in stereo. (3 stereo mixes versus 7!). Looking at your existing desk, you may find you may have to run in mono, or may have to share auxes (which is far from ideal) so ensure if you are purchasing a desk for use with inears, make sure that it has enough auxes for your needs and future needs (if you envisage that your band may grow!). Note - if you MUST have an analogue desk and looking for something portable with relatively high aux counts, you could do worse than a WZ4 16:2 (you'll need to set the internal jumper for auxes 5-6 to be pre send), as that has 6 auxes available to you (will also cost you about a grand! (seriously though - start looking at a A&H QU or QSC Touchmix 16 if it's just about wanting some sort of sliders without having to rely on an iPad...) I’d always recommend digital desks for IEM use – purely because they tend to come with more auxes and you can make use of the inbuilt DSP to process your audio. Typically, analogue systems require a truck load of outboard processors to achieve what even the entry level digital desks can now achieve. Digital desks needn’t be too expensive; units like the Behringer XR18, Midas MR18, QSC Touchmix, Mackie DL1608, Allen and Heath QU and RCF M18/M20x mixers all offer at least 6 auxes with many of the bigger models, including things like the Behringer X32, Mackie DL32R offering even more. A great advantage of digital desks is that many are able to be controlled remotely via smartphones or tablets. Being able to make personal adjustments to the mix remotely via your portable device is very convenient. 3.2 PROCESSING ON A DIGITAL DESK FOR AN AUX BUS OUTPUT Most digital desks will enable at least an EQ over the summed mix and potentially some compression. This enables you to shape the frequency output in your ears to your desire. For example, if you are running a large front of house setup with big subs, you may find that the bass is quite light in your ears. You can adjust the EQ to address what you want to hear in your ears. Compression is a useful addition to your ears mix but go careful if you are a singer. Over compression of a vocal can lead to singers backing off the mic and not singing naturally. Additionally, by configuring the compressor on an aux bus with a 20:1 (or as high as your mixer will go) with a fast attack rate, you are implementing a brick wall limiter. Simply set the threshold for where the normal program music peaks. This means that potentially hearing damaging peaks that exceed this level will be stopped down to the threshold peak and hence will protect your ears from being on the receiving end of anything louder. It's worth mentioning, that EQ per channel, is reserved for front of house and the EQ on your aux busses will be flat (as they appear at the preamp), although on some mixers you'll have the ability to pass post DSP processing through to the aux busses. This means that you can share the same processing for each channel with the auxes. This may or may not be what you want - for example, the last thing you want, is gated drums in your ears - whilst that sounds great out front, it sounds very unnatural in your ears and the drummer will hate you for it. There are some tricks however, that can be done with digital desks (such as splitting the a preamp between two channels and applying separate processing to each channel for front of house use and monitoring use) - but more about that later. 3.3 ULTRANET AND THINGS LIKE THAT… On Behringer and Midas units, you may have seen something like Ultranet being mentioned. What this is, is a way of putting audio onto a network so it can be subscribed to by other devices. There are numerous implementations of this, for example Dante, MADI and AES50 for example. For the world of IEMs, many of the larger desk manufacturers have dedicated hardware solutions for sub mixing IEM feeds - or give you the ability to push the audio streams to a third party IEM mixing solution (such as Aviom). Instead of using Auxes, you can subscribe to audio streams on a network as detailed above. So in the case of Behringer, you can use something like a P16M. This is essentially a little hardware mixer that gives you up to 16 channels of audio with which to dial in an IEM mix. Of course, the big advantage of a system like this, is that you are far less likely to run out of auxes as you can keep hooking devices up to the network to subscribe to the audio streams that are being provided by the mixer. Another example is Allen & Heath's ME1 - which offers simiilar functionality but for up to 40 channels. Of course, using a system for providing IEM mixes to a large group of players (e.g. an orchestra) is preferable than trying to get that many aux busses! Of course, you may not want to be tied into a particular manufacturers ecosystem, so maybe gain flexibility by looking at systems that run on a audio over IP standard such as Dante/MADI. Hear Technologies Hear Back Pro is a nice example. It's worth talking about devices like the Allen and Heath ME-U and the Behringer P16i - a device that takes in analogue feeds and puts those channels onto a network. So for example, this means you can make use of the ME-1 or a P16M with a non Allen and Heath or Behringer/Midas mixer - but remember, the number of channels that you can make use of within the P16M is limited to the the number that you can supply. For example, it's no good expecting 16 channels to mix in your IEM feed, if your FoH desk only has 4 auxes feeding into the P16M. (For completeness, Allen and Heath support is either 16 or 40 channels depending what units you buy) Of course, it's all about running the right system for the job in hand. Physical hardware is great for in the studio, in the pit etc - but obviously, can bring additional problems (primarily from a visual perspective) for deployment on say, rock and roll orientated stages, where a more discrete mixing solution is probably preferable. 3.4 ALTERNATIVES TO A MIXER? PLAY WITH LOTS OF DIFFERENT BANDS? Not everybody plays in just one band - and of course, not every band subscribes to the idea of everybody wearing inears. Of course, some bands just may not have the hardware to support putting people on to inear monitors. Quite a common solution is to get a field recorder, something like a Zoom for example, and use the onboard condenser mics to pick up what is going on in the performance area. When a set of IEMs are plugged into it, the sound from the mics can be relayed to the IEMs. Naturally, the volume can be set to taste. Some of the more comprehensive field records, such as the Zoom H6 or H8 for example, have the ability to mix in other signals - which enables you to get a direct feed from your bass amp, which you can then blend into the overall mix. Naturally, such a unit can be utilised in conjunction with a standard monitor feed to provide some ambience to your monitor mix (which you could also compliment with localised feeds from your bass amp/vocal mic - you may have to get some XLR splits to do this though. See 5.1 for more information on that - although you probably won't need an 8 way split for this type of deployment. I've included a link below which demonstrates such things - https://youtu.be/NbYrlowt0AA - Zoom H6 IEM mixer demo Of course, a similar sort of thing can be achieved via using a mini mixing desk and some external microphones - however, the field recorder alternatives tend to be a little easier to deploy. 3.5 SUPERCHARGING YOUR IEM MIX - (Advanced, expensive stuff!) In reality, the sound that comes from your IEM mix is more akin to that of a studio recording than the natural sound that you would hear on stage. Even though with a stereo mix you can pan instruments between the left and right channels, instruments on stage can be present both in front and behind you - and standard stereo processing does not allow for this. For the uber obsessive, there is a product that enables you to take your instruments from the aux feeds on your desk and using binaural processing, enables you to place those instruments in not only a left and right plane, but also in a front and rear and lower and upper planes. Binaural processing tricks your brain to hearing a 3d space with just a left and right feed into your ears through advanced EQing, delays etc. As an example, you could place the drummer's kit in your binaural 3d space such that they sound behind you and off to the left in the mix - and your brain would process the binaural feed to convince your ears that you can hear that kit occupying that sonic space. But wait a second! Is that drummer on a drum riser? No problem, just raise them up the vertical plane in your 3d mix space. Maybe you could then put the singer straight in front of you and maybe your keys player off to the right somewhere, maybe set slightly forward, to build up a realistic sounding virtual 3d mix. The product that enables you to do this is called KLANG:fabrik (supports up to 16 musicians per unit) or KLANG:vier (supports up to 5 musicians per unit) - these units can be cascaded (typically via Dante) to increase the number of musicians to which you can provide a mix. Via an app, each performer sets their preferred stage layout and places each instrument in that virtual space. Based on those placements, the KLANG units then takes the raw aux feeds (from the desk) and provide the necessary processing to make the mix supplied to the musician map to how those instruments would sound in a true 3d space, in accordance with that performer's layout of instruments set in the app. Note - the KLANG units only provide the processed L and R to send to your musician - you will still need to get that mix to your musician, either over a wired or wireless connection, as documented previously. The innovation of this tech is ever progressing - for example, there's the ability to track body placement on the stage, and change the binaural mix to represent the performers placement in relation to others as they physically move around the stage. If you think you may have come across this before - well, it's similar to the tech used in audio processing when using a motion tracking VR headset (e.g. for gaming). If you don't understand any of the above, check out this useful Youtube link that runs through it all quite nicely - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4EM3Wnn0Po - Note: to correctly make use of binaural audio, you should use IEMs (e.g. in ears) and not over ear headphones (as you need to remove the influence of the outer ear) Of course, there are cheaper - albeit less elegant - solutions to achieve similar results to the KLANG implementation. If you read section 5.2 under https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944330 I talk about offloading processing to Multirack and LiveProfessor. If you have this functionality available to you, then there are a number of binaural plugins out there that will help you setup a similar 3d environment for your IEM mixes. (By this point, you are getting pretty serious down the Dog and Duck!). Typical plugins to check out are Sennheisers AMBEO Orbit or Facebook's Spacial Workstation. Be careful though - setting up IEM feeds in this manner requires a low resulting latency! USEFUL LINKS : https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Mixers/Digital/XR18/p/P0BI8#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer XR18 digital mixer https://www.midasconsoles.com/Categories/Midas/Mixers/Digital/MR18/p/P0C8H - Midas MR18 digital mixer https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Mixers/Digital/X32/p/P0ASF#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer X32 digital mixer https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Mixers/Digital/X32-RACK/p/P0AWN#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer X32 Rack mixer https://mackie.com/products/dl1608-wireless-digital-mixer - Mackie DL1608 digital mixer https://mackie.com/products/dl32s-dl16s-wireless-digital-mixers - Mackie DL32S and DL16S digital mixers https://mackie.com/products/dl32r-wireless-digital-mixer - Mackie DL32R digital mixer https://www.qsc.com/live-sound/products/touchmix-mixers/touchmix-16/ - QSC Touchmix 16 digital mixer https://www.qsc.com/live-sound/products/touchmix-mixers/touchmix-30-pro/ - QSC Touchmix 30 digital mixer https://www.allen-heath.com/key-series/qu-series/ - Allen & Heath QU series digital mixers https://www.allen-heath.com/key-series/sq/ - Allen & Heath SQ series digital mixers https://www.rcf.it/products/mixing-consoles/m-series - RCF M series digital mixers http://www.heartechnologies.com/products/Hear_Back_PRO.html - Hear Technologies Hear Back PRO IEM mixer https://www.klang.com/en/home - Klang binaural IEM processing https://en-uk.sennheiser.com/ambeo-orbit - Sennheiser's Ambeo Orbit binaural plugin https://facebook360.fb.com/spatial-workstation/ - Facebook's Spacial Workstation binaural plugin

2. TRANSPORT - WIRED OR WIRELESS SYSTEMS? So now you have an idea about IEMS, now you'll need to connect them to your monitor feed source. First up, the best connection you can have is a balanced wired connection. Wireless brings certain issues with it - namely, a greater cost in terms of hardware, quality of signal and sometimes additional cost to buy licenses to transmit on certain frequency bands. The important thing for either setup though, is to ensure your gain structure is right and no component is being overloaded. If anything is overloaded, you'll introduce distortion into your audio stream. 2.1 KEEPING IT SIMPLE - WIRED CONNECTIONS A monitor feed can either be mono, or in stereo. It's worth remembering that in order to get a stereo source, you'll need to use 2 busses, one for the left signal and one for the right signal. This is typically sent from 1 or 2 aux busses (depending upon mono or stereo requirements). Once the signal has left the desk, then strictly speaking, it should go into a headphone amplifier into which you plug your IEMs. With this setup, the gain structure should be set not to overload the input on the headphone amp (so it's clean and free of distortion) and the volume of the IEMs are subsequently controlled via the volume control on that headphone amp. Headphone amps can be very affordable - certainly under £50. I tend to recommend a Behringer P2 that can accept a balanced mono feed, or an unbalanced stereo feed and is easy to clip onto your belt. The P2 offers a great build standard (although be careful of the AAA battery becoming unloaded if you accidentally drop the unit) and offers a high quality sounding feed. The other common choice is from Fischer - and their In Ear Stick (you can see where Behringer got the "idea/design" from. Fischer make all sorts of little IEM goodies that are worth checking out - check out the link below at the end of this section. It may be worth pointing out the König and Meyer 238 Microphone clamp can be a useful addition for mounting headphone amps with thread mounting points to bit of drum hardware, mic stands etc if you need want to mount your amp within arm's reach. If balanced is important to you, something like the Behringer P1 (there's loads of takes on the same thing out there) - although these aren't as practical to hook onto your belt and consequently you may want to look into housing the amp somewhere near you but not on your person, and use extension leads to extend your IEM cable. Not sure the difference between balanced or unbalanced? Balanced offers better signal to noise ratio and less chance of interference, especially over long cable runs or in environments with a lot of sources of EM sources. In reality though, IEM cable runs are typically short, so likelihood of problems for most venues is slim. If you don't want to have a headphone amp on your person and are not running a wireless connection for your instrument, you may want to investigate the use of a combo cable, which is effectively, a small snake that allows for an unbalanced mono shielded cable for your instrument and a 3 core cable for your IEMs (hence either stereo (unbalanced) or mono (balanced)). You will still required a headphone amp - but if you don't like things being clipped to you, or your stage wear doesn't allow for stuff to be clipped to you (yes, I'm sure there are people out there jumping around in latex catsuits or similar) then this could be a good option without having multiple trailing cables. If this sounds like something you would like to invest in, there are various commercial offerings or companies that will make you one up (e.g. Designacable) but if you are into making up cables, you may want to check out the "Sommer SC-Tricone Symasym Cable Combo" cable. 2.2 KEEPING IT NOT SO SIMPLE - WIRELESS CONNECTIONS Wireless connections do remove cables dropping around your feet and enables you to roam more freely. I would always question whether you need wireless before investing - if you are a drummer, keys player or somebody that doesn't move off the spot, going wireless will give you a less reliable connection (wireless can and does drop out), a "nearly" as good as a cable sound if you invest in top quality wireless (other wireless systems can suffer from poor radio performance and inferior sound due to poor quality companders) - and ultimately will cost you a lot more than a wired setup. Also worth remembering is that there are far more points of failure on a wireless setup! (And more cables!) 2.3 COMPANDERS AND AUDIO QUALITY? Wireless systems are generally analogue (more on this later) and consequently require a compander in order to transmit the signal between the transmitter and receiver. The compressor first compresses the signal (to get as much as the signal as possible through the magical radio waves) before being expanded by the expander on the receiving end. Of course, this has a massive impact on the quality of the audio that is heard. The top flight systems do this very well to the point where most people in a live situation can't perceive a difference. Other systems however, don't quite perform as well - typically they would drop the lows and the highs (lows is particularly important for us bass players) and the removal of highs can leave things sounding relatively dull sounding. In most cases, the audio tends to become quite harsh in the highs - meaning that ear fatigue can set in very quickly. In short, you get what you pay for. For me, the go to systems (expensive but not too expensive compared to say the dual diversity PSM1000) are the PSM300, PSM900 from Shure (avoid the PSM200 due to it's awful compander, generally awful sound and woeful headroom) and the Sennheiser EW300. Out of the lot, the PSM900 is my favourite but by far the most expensive out of the units mentioned, next would be the EW300 - but that's primarily down to the extra tuning capability in the radio department (The Shure PSM300 has fixed banks that makes co-ordination with other radio gear a bit more prohibitive). For any drummers, I would always advise against wireless systems, primarily as there isn't really a reason for them to go wireless as they don't move about the stage. Secondly, by using a wired system, any problems with the "feel" that is typically introduced with companders are avoided. Whilst most other players (e.g. non drummers) aren't aware of the effect of companders, I have known drummers complain about the compression and the impact is has on their playing - It's all about that massive dynamic range of a kit that leads to the issues. No other instrument really has that characteristic - so in other words, a bass player with a system with a decent compander (such as a PSM300/900/1000 or an EW300 G2+), aren't going to have the same problems. 2.4 DIGITAL VS ANALOGUE? (Psst... Latency) Above I mentioned that IEM systems tend to be analogue. With everything nowadays becoming digital, why is the trend not followed so much with IEMs? The key reason is latency. Latency is one of the biggest enemies to IEM users. Before we delve much deeper, first of all, lets define what latency is in terms of IEMs and the impacts of it. Latency is effectively a delay in the completion of the transmission of audio. For example, if you sing into a microphone, the latency is the delay (typically in milliseconds, ms) before the sound leaves your IEM monitor. Whereas people's tolerance of latency can vary between players, in the professional world, the general figure to which sound engineers work to for maximum acceptable latency from source to ear drum is 7ms. So where does digital come into this? Digital systems effectively have to got though an analogue to digital conversion before some processing takes place on that digital audio stream, before typically being converted back to analogue to that the audio stream can continue along it's path. These conversation processes all take time and as a result, add latency to the audio path. Depending upon the device, this can be sub 1ms or even as high as 10ms+. (In the case of bluetooth systems, this can be circa 30-40ms... which is why bluetooth systems are currently not a viable solution for inear monitoring solutions - the latency is simply too much). When you think about your signal chain and your use of IEMs, you have to take into account how many digital devices that your signal has to path through - and how much latency is being added. If you allow most consumer mixing desks 3ms and say, a digital wireless system of 3ms, you already have 6ms cumulative latency. Add in a digital fx pedal or two in your chain - and you can see that you are soon at risk at breaching the 7ms ceiling. This is why if you are an IEM user, you MUST look at the latency figures of wireless units, especially some of the most commonly mentioning systems on Basschat because their use will leave your with a pretty miserable experience. So given the previous paragraph, you can see that there will be reluctance for a lot of manufacturers to enter the digital IEM game due to the latency figures that would be typical of consumer grade devices. Of course, there are units out there at a price - for example, the touring grade Lectrosonics Duet IEM system has latency figures of just 1.4ms (with a price tag of 4k+ for a transmitter unit and two receivers). Compare this to the less than 5ms latency (normally translates to something like 4.9ms - because you've just learned of the importance of every ms lost due to latency) of the Xvive digital IEM system (mono) (circa 200 GBP). Of course, the big difference is that the duet through a prosumer desk and prosumer wireless system would still put you comfortably under 7ms. The Xvive would put you over - and of course, the problem would be magnified greatly if using a digital guitar wireless system with something like 8ms latency. So in short, latency matters - so do your sums. Hang on, you say, 7ms is only like sitting 7 ft from a speaker... True... but when you have the the delay happening in your ear, the problem is very apparent. You'll suffer from comb filtering, which is less than optimal(!) and as the latency increases, you'll feel a bigger disconnect between your playing and what you are hearing. This problem is even more apparent to vocalists (ever tried to talk on a telephone when you can hear a delayed echo of your own voice? - it's like this). Another thing to take into account with latency, is that if you are using something like "more me" functions (e.g. blending in a locally sourced signal with that coming from another source that has digital latency incurred), then you can get phasing issues as obviously, one signal will be being mixed with another that is out of phase. Recently, MIPRO released a new digital IEM system on 5.8GHz with published latency figures of 2.1ms. https://www.mipro.com.tw/webls-en-us/mi-58.html - but specs wise it checks out and of course, has no compander to deal with. There's also a 2.4Ghz version, however the latency figures push out to 3.5ms. Those that are also looking at the other offerings from MIPRO have probably spotted the UHF system - I should point out this system has 5.4ms latency... which is quite a large figure if you take into account the cumulative latency that could result from your digital audio path. So back to digital, why digital? The primary reason would be to get rid of the compander. You will have higher dynamic range, better sounding bass and treble (especially when comparing to analogue systems with cheaper companders)... but at the cost of latency (or an even bigger cost to your wallet). 2.5 RADIO If you are still wanting/needing to go wireless, this brings me nicely onto radio co-ordination. In order to make wireless play nicely, each unit has to be carefully tuned so that they don't interfere with all the other wireless units that may be in play (this include things like wireless mics). This isn't as simple as just selecting a unique frequency; you have to work out inter-modulation free frequencies that will avoid units interfering with each other. With cheaper units, there are fixed banks that you just select and things will "just work" - which is usually the case as long as your band aren't mixing brands and types. As soon as you mix and match, you are into chaos... which is why radio can be a nightmare for bands... You've probably seen on the forum countless examples of bands where everybody is using different brands and there's lots of problematic drop outs. Of course, as soon as you start adding wireless IEMs into the setup, this problem just keeps getting more complex to solve. In some cases, you can't as undoubtedly you will need the ability to tune discrete frequencies on each unit - which you can't do if the units only support preset fixed frequencies. (This is my point out PSM300 vs EW300 above). Fortunately, there is software out there, such as Shure's excellent Wireless Workbench or Sennheiser's Wireless Systems Manager, that can help you work out frequencies to use - but cheaper "consumer" grade wireless isn't really well represented. If you've got supported hardware and got them on a network, you can tune them from the software also - but again, how much mileage you get from this is how much radio that you are running (probably overkill for a few channels!) In terms of analogue radio, as soon as you have an audio being transmitted on a radio frequency, one or in fact, multiple receivers can be used to receive that audio stream - not a bad solution for getting the same mix to a group of people without using extra busses or valuable radio spectrum. So even if you still want to go down the wireless route, in the UK, there are two common ways to run wireless legally - on the Shared Mic License (otherwise known as Channel 38) or on the free to use portion of the radio spectrum (otherwise known as Channel 70). It's worth knowing that Channel 70 is generally used by DJs and wedding venues for their wireless mics and so be aware that they can be a source of interference. Typically, you can run 3 to 4 analogue wireless units in total within channel 70. Compare this to Channel 38 where you can typically run 12, or even more if you venture into the extended 823Hz portion of the spectrum. So in short, understand your requirements for running wireless, get the appropriate gear and the appropriate license if you are not running in Channel 70. It's worth noting that venues can apply for their own licensed radio frequencies for install kit - and events can apply for short leases for other portions of the radio spectrum - but for most bands this is out of scope and for those type of events, I would envisage that the sound company would take care of all of that for you. For events like that, no sound company would want you turning up with your own radio systems to mess up their finely tuned co-ordinated wireless gear! STAY LEGAL! The latest comments on radio licensing can be found in this useful thread - https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/10362-wireless-system-licensing-guide/ Of course, you can stay with 2.4GHz/5.8GHz license free systems, such as the Xvive, and recently announced ProCo WIEMS - but be wary of latency of digital systems as mentioned above. Note, 5.8Ghz has a higher chance of being more reliable due to the presence of more intermodulation free frequencies, however, the downside of 5.8Ghz is that the wave propagation is not as good as passing through solid objects and for a like for like transmission power, does not have as much range as an equivalent 2.4Ghz system. In reality though, you are going to be on a stage fairly close to the transmitter, so this isn't likely to be a problem (unless you are one of those people that likes to go out into the crowd, car park, main road, motorway... pier.) 2.6 WIRELESS HACKS Great wireless units are often expensive. Even the more budget friendly systems can come in at a notable price. You can use a guitar wireless system, or video mic system for example, plugged into something like a Behringer P2. It's important to use a system that uses a lightweight and small receiver as that is what is going to be on your body. Units that come to mind are the WL20L (the one with no cable capacitance emulation - although you could boost the treble on your aux if required if you had the other version) or WL30-XLR... or maybe the RØDE Go (although watch cumulative latency with this one). 2.7 FOCUS MODE (DUAL MONO??) Focus mode is a feature that some stereo wireless units can commonly have. What this mode does is effectively take two mono feeds and allows the receiver to mix between the two feeds into a summed mono mix... so for example you could choose to have 60% of mix 1 and 40% of mix 2 (by mixing a bias to the left (e.g. 60%)) and that resulting mix would present as a mono mix (same in the left and the right ears) through your IEMs. This is also referred to a "more me" mode. To achieve that, you have a standard mix and say, your bass on the other mix. This way, you can increase or decrease the level of your bass without bothering a sound man (although this way of working has become more obsolete with the increasing use of tablets to control personal mixes). Of course, one of the big pluses of this is that you can use one transmitter to present two completely independent mono mixes to two receivers. To do this, simply have one mix go to the L channel on the transmitter and other on the R channel. On the receivers, make sure they are first set to focus mode and have one set to hard pan to the L channel and other hard panned to the R. Voila, two mono feeds for two players. USEFUL LINKS : https://www.fischer-amps.de/in-ear-monitoring-headphone-amplifiers-periphery.html - Fischer In Ear Stick portable IEM amp and other related goodies https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Signal-Processors/In-Ear-Monitoring/P1/p/P0AZM#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer P1 stereo (balanced) portable IEM amp https://www.behringer.com/Categories/Behringer/Signal-Processors/In-Ear-Monitoring/P2/p/P0CH4#googtrans(en|en) - Behringer P2 stereo (unbalanced - balanced (in mono)) portable IEM amp https://www.k-m.de/en/products/mic-stands/accessories/238-microphone-holder-black/23800-300-55 - König and Meyer 238 Microphone clamp https://shop.sommercable.com/en/Cable/Bulk-Cable-Instrument/Instrumentenkabel-TRICONE-SYMASYM-301-1101.html Sommer SC-Tricone Symasym Cable https://www.designacable.com/catalog/product/view/_ignore_category/1/id/4756/s/combo-cable-for-iem-systems-in-ear-monitoring-instrument-and-stereo-headphone/ - combo cable for instrument and IEM monitoring https://www.shure.com/en-GB/products/in-ear-monitoring/psm300 - Shure PSM300 monitoring system http://www.shure.eu/products/in_ear_monitoring/psm900 - Shure PSM900 monitoring system (more premium feature set) https://www.shure.com/en-GB/products/software/wwb6 - Shure Wireless Workbench wireless co-ordination software https://en-uk.sennheiser.com/service-support-services-wireless-systems-manager - Sennheiser Wireless Systems Manager wireless co-ordination software https://en-uk.sennheiser.com/wireless-in-ear-monitor-system-live-sound-ew-iem-g4 - Sennheiser EW300 G4 monitoring system https://www.ofcom.org.uk/manage-your-licence/radiocommunication-licences/pmse/pmse-licence-info - Licensing for shared mic license (e.g channel 38) and other licenses when operating radio equipment outside of the free for all channel 70 range https://www.lectrosonics.com/M2-Duet-System/category.html - Lectrosonics premium digital IEM solution (about as good as it gets right now) https://www.mipro.com.tw/webls-en-us/mi-58.html - MIPRO MI58 digital IEM solution http://www.xviveaudio.com/u4-p0082.html - Xvive U4 mono digital IEM solution https://www.procosound.com/topic/wiems - Proco WIEMS (Wireless In Ear Monitoring System) digital IEM solution https://www.boss.info/uk/products/wl-20_wl-20l/ - Boss WL-20/WL-20L Wireless System https://www.boss.info/uk/products/wl-30xlr/ - Boss WL-30XLR Wireless System https://wirelessgo.rode.com - RØDE Wireless Go

Before we start.. For those that CBA to read... or just want a quick answer... or dealing with Myth #1 - IEMs are expensive: IEMs can be expensive for sure, however, a simple, great sounding solution can be had for less than £100... Just don't do a Macgyvered half baked approach to IEMs and then claim they don't work for you! If you are dipping your toes in the water, a Behringer P2 (or one of the similar copies that are now appearing on the market) into your mixers aux and using a set of KZ10 IEMs will be a good starting point for less than £100. Make sure the IEMs give a good seal to your ears - For an idea of what a good seal sounds like... put your fingers as deep as you can into your ears to block out as much sound as you can. If the seal on your inears don't sound comparable (or better), the fit isn't good. Wearing one IEM in and one out is a bad idea... as is building a monitoring solution where you want a leaky seal to let ambient sound in (spoiler - you lose bass response without a good seal). If you want wireless, dont understand how to run lots of wireless without drop outs and interference, want stereo (you do want stereo, you just dont think you do - but I am assuming you have the auxes available for you to do so) and want it to sound awesome, then I'd recommend getting this MiPro - https://www.mipro.com.tw/webls-en-us/mi-58.html If you want good customs, aim for a UE6 as your entry point - they'll give you the headroom with you'll need. If you haven't got a desk or aux available to you, you can try using the above with a field recorder (e.g. a Zoom recorder - others are available). See section 3.4. But please, do read on. There's loads of quality information presented here, from the most simple setups through to pro level setups - and lots of additional thoughts on things like silent stages. WELCOME TO THE IEM BIBLE! - a beginner's IEM guide. - IF YOU READ THE MAIN POSTS, CHANCES ARE THAT ALL YOUR IEM QUESTIONS WILL BE ANSWERED. IF YOU HAVE ANY SPECIFICS OR UNANSWERED QUESTIONS, FEEL FREE TO DROP ME A PM. After a recommendation to me, I decided that I would start a new thread that is born out of the old super thread at : https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/205633-in-ear-monitors-help-needed/ That thread contains a whole wealth of information – however, over time it has naturally become quite fragmented or lost when the Basschat migration happened, a lot of information has been superseded and of course, recommendations change. This thread, I'll summarise everything and try and keep all the important stuff in the first few posts of the thread. I'll do a few posts on IEMs, hardware, radio, tips etc.. and build it up from there and keep chopping and changing stuff in the main posts as it happens... SO PLEASE DON'T QUOTE THE MAIN POSTS AS THE INFORMATION MAY GET CHANGED AND REFINED OVER TIME - thanks What I’ll do, is try and keep this opening posts updated with all the relevant bits and try and tie any bits of interest to posts in the other thread. This should make it easier for people looking to quickly digest information around IEMs than reading the other thread and no doubt bailing out before getting what they need out of it. I'll try and keep it at a fairly high level to make things easy to consume for the complete starter... so let me know if things aren't clear and I can refine them. So, without further ado, here's a beginners guide to IEMS! SECTIONS 1. IEMS (this post) https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/ 2. Wireless vs Radio Systems https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944326 3. The source (e.g. your mixing desk) https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944327 4. Haptic feedback for the feeling of "big air" https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944328 5. Integrating a monitor solution with other house systems https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944330 6. Additional Information about looking after your ears https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944331 7. Some thoughts on silent stages https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944337 1. IEMS OK, so you are here probably because you are interested in finding out more about IEMs or have decided to purchase some and are looking for additional information. 1.1 WHAT ARE IEMS? IEMs (In-Ear Monitors) are basically a set of earphones that are intended to replace the traditional monitor wedge. They tend to range from single driver (single speaker) through to multiple driver units and can be either referred to as a generic/universal fit or a custom fit. As the name would suggest, generic/universal fits are intended to be able to used by everybody, independent of their ear shape, whereas the latter is an earpiece that has been crafted to fit an individual’s ears perfectly (and hence cannot be shared between users). 1.2 WHY USE IEMS? Like traditional monitor wedges, IEMs are intended to provide a musician with a monitor mix that can be tailored to their individual needs. Unlike monitor wedges, as you move around the stage, the sound doesn’t change. (e.g. standing off axis to a monitor wedge, or perhaps moving around the stage and standing in front of an amp’s cab or the drum kit can significantly impact how well you can hear what is coming from that monitor). Additionally, you can run more complex stereo mixes, which can’t be replicated anywhere near as well as using wedges. This is particularly good if you are running lots of vocals or stereo instruments where panning the signal can help with the perception of width and stereo position of instruments and vocals. For example, being able to place vocals to the left and right of the central position can help with pitching and clarity in the monitor mix. IEMs are a safer way (assuming that you control the volume of the IEMS sensibly) to protect your ears. Like earplugs, IEMs significantly reduce the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of the sound entering your ears from the stage. With the ambient volume reduced (e.g. the volume that is present on stage, coming from the amps, drums and any other source of noise), a monitor feed can be fed into your ears at a safe volume, resulting in a clear mix, keeping your ears safe. Running IEMs at a safe volume means you can kiss goodbye to post gig ringing ears. Listening to anything at volume (e.g. especially loud amps right next to you on stage) tends to lead to chronic tinnitus (for which there is no cure). Protect your ears at all costs! The removing of monitor wedges from the performance area means that you can achieve a significantly higher level of gain before feedback. Less sound on stage means a reduced chance of sound from the monitor wedges entering open mics and causing the feedback loops that we all hate. Cleaner sounds onstage (or even a silent stage) can make your sound engineer happy and ultimately, your band will sound a lot better out front for it. When running a band on IEMs, you tend to close mic what you want to hear (hence taking the room out of the equation) and the monitor mixes tend to stay pretty similar from gig to gig – leading to quicker setup times and a more consistent and familiar sound in your ears. IEMs have a certain cool factor. Turning up to a gig with IEMs make it look like you know what you are doing… even if you don’t. What is also cool, is that unlike the rock n roll dinosaurs, you’ll still be able to hear in your advanced years. Another big plus - even if you aren't a confident singer, a set of IEMs will mean you can hear your vocals more clearly - and everybody else's vocals a lot clearer. Your ability to sing and tune with other vocalists will no doubt improve significantly - they really are a bit of a secret weapon on that front! Here's the thing though - IEMs can be expensive, especially if you go down the custom route. When considering IEMs, I always ask people to think like this - consider buying a wedge. What's the cost of a decent wedge that can cope with a bit of bass? Well, you're looking at circa £300. Now purchase two so you have one for each ear. Now look at a set of professional custom ear plugs (e.g. for general ear protection, with no electronics inside) - they will cost you circa £100. So in essence, a non portable version of CIEMs that don't sound as good comes in at £700. Now those ultra portable customs aren't looking quite as expensive as you first thought... 1.3 NUMBER OF DRIVERS… and DRIVER TYPE? IEMs tend to be made up of drivers, from a single drive per side, up to 12+ drivers per side. Typically, the drivers used will be one of two types, namely balanced armatures and dynamic drivers. IEMS can come loaded with just dynamic drivers, balanced armatures, or a hybrid setup of dynamic drivers and balanced armatures. Most professional IEMs are at least two drivers - and at least one of them will be a balanced armature. Dynamic drivers are typically found in cheaper units or as a hybrid setup with balanced armatures. The difference between dynamic drivers and universal drivers can be quite significant, however. Generally, dynamic drivers tend to have more headroom and have a better bass response than balanced armatures and come with a lower price tag than balanced armatures. They do, however, give up a little in detail but are perceived to have a warmer tone, or bloom in the mids, which some people can prefer. In contrast, the balanced armature is more clinical and precise in its sound but not as good at reproducing bass. Unless you are close A/Bing units of differing driver types with each other, the vast majority of people would not be able to recognise the difference between driver types. For a bit of additional science-y information, dynamic drivers are effective a miniaturised speaker as you would find in you traditional hifi, speaker cab etc. They have a moving coil, connected to a diaphragm, that moves throughs a magnetised gap, subject to the voltage that is applied to the coil. This assembly of components then moves the speaker cone that effectively vibrates and delivers the airwaves to your ear drum - which is then interpreted by our brains as sound. The way that a balanced armature operates is significantly different; there is a reed that moves within a stationary coil. This reed has a rod attached to it, which in turn is connected to a diaphragm, which consequently, like a dynamic driver, vibrates air to deliver what we perceive as sound. The physically smaller dimensions of a balanced armature, allow for more drivers to be packed inside those IEM cases - which gives a greater scope to the designer for tuning and headroom. The smaller unit allows the sound source to moved closer to the ear drum, which improves the quality of the sound and allows for greater fidelity, especially in the higher frequencies. In contrast, dynamic drivers are larger, tend not to be able to be positioned as close to the ear canal, require a greater number of coils turns (increasing mass - reducing high frequency response) and consequently lose the ability to reproduce those high frequencies to the same capacity as balanced armatures. By their nature however, dynamic drivers are very good at handling bass frequencies, so where they can't deliver in the high frequency department, a combination of driver types can make for some exceptional, low driver solutions. Some manufacturers are beginning to introduce electrostatic (EST) drivers into their designs. Usually part of a hybrid setup, these drivers have exceptional treble extension, have highly accurate reproduction of transients - all whilst being completely free of any distortion. Adding drivers primarily adds headroom and by mixing driver types and models (e.g. treble, mid, bass focused units of both balanced armature or dynamic driver types), a better response and superior sounding IEM can be built. It should be noted however, that this is not as straightforward as simply putting in extra drivers and hoping for the best. Great IEMs are the result of hours of R and D to developing crossovers and tuning the units for a desirable, great sounding output. Additionally, all these drivers must be phase aligned and most importantly, the left and right need to match - so the attention to detail and accuracy of the IEM build is of upmost importance. Of course, all drivers have their own responses in terms of how they sound, despite dampening, there is the chance that there is a limit to how good a sound a multiple driver unit can sound. The larger manufacturers then turn to custom orders of drivers to engineer their way out of the constraints that physics have put in the way of standard off the shelf drivers. This is one of the multiple reasons why the market leaders of IEMs tend to sound the best – but also have a higher price tag. All of this superior quality comes at a price! So, in short, adding drivers can improve the sound… but in some cases can cause all sorts of phasing issues if not done correctly. It should also be mentioned that adding drivers has an additional advantage. By increasing the number of drivers, the less hard the drivers must work to get to working volume. The less hard the drivers are working, the less chance there is of distortion - whether it be audible or not perceivable. The latter is quite significant; even if you can’t hear it, if distortion is present, it will fatigue the ear a lot quicker. As the ear fatigues, people tend to push up the volume to compensate – and again, this increases the risk of hearing damage. If an IEM is distorting, chances are there is something wrong with the gain structure, or you are simply pushing the IEM beyond its limit and hence into distortion. This is not a good thing for your listening enjoyment or your physical ear health - or the IEM itself! Think of it like this - which is going to distort easier - that single 1x10 cab that you are running your bass through, or that Ampeg 8x10? Obviously the 8x10 will have a lot more headroom and will be able to be driven a lot harder before it goes into distortion. This doesn't mean because you have a 8x10 you have to drive it as hard as you can until it distorts - it just means that for that clean bass sound, the drivers are not taxed very hard and everything is super controlled with lots of headroom - the same physics applies with IEMs. As we are on a bass forum, I tend to recommend at least a quad driver IEM (treble, mid, bass, bass) as the driver count to aspire to. This reduces the chance of distortion as the work is being shared between the drivers – and the drivers that are reproducing the frequencies that we are most interested in (those that are also the most difficult frequencies to reproduce) are given a helping hand by being doubled up. There is an exception to this in my opinion, and it’s a unit that I tend to recommend for its performance vs price point - and that is the UE6. The UE6 is a triple driver – but has dynamic drivers in the mids and bass. There is a balanced armature in the high. In short, the dynamics provide greater headroom and better bass response in the lows, whilst the air and detail that is most importantly found in the highs, is retained using a balanced armature. The UE6 custom gives a performance comparable to a equivalent quad balanced custom – but without the price tag. You can begin to guess (to a certain extent) what an IEM is going to sound like by it’s driver count. If there is an equal number of balanced armatures in the treble, mid and bass range, it’s likely to be more flat response than say a different unit that has a higher driver count in say the bass. That latter unit is likely to have a slight kick in the bass and additional headroom. It’s probably worth mentioning though, that due to tuning and different driver types, if you are really fussy about the native response of your IEM, you should A/B them. It’s rare for IEMs to be tuned to a reference or flat response – because mostly flat sounds boring… and each manufacturer has their own take on what an IEM should sound like. Additionally, if you want to use IEMs for critical mixing, you are probably better getting a set of headphones. You’ll pay less for not going small and portable and will certainly get a flatter response for a lot less money. I will say one thing though, once you are on stage, the native response of the IEM becomes less important. I always say I will take the IEM with headroom and are in phase, as opposed to an IEM that is reference quality but lacking in headroom or has phase issues! In short, from the larger manufacturers at least, you can’t really go wrong… they are sound great, just a bit different from one another. This also counts for drivers. As soon as you get over 4 drivers, you are looking at diminishing returns… and higher driver counts don’t necessarily sound better (they could sound worse due to poor crossover design or phasing issues) – they just sound different. Don't forget - if you have a nice digital desk with a master EQ on the aux, you can tailor the frequency response at the desk! 1.4 UNIVERSAL/GENERICS VS CUSTOMS Universal IEMs as stated above, are intended for use by anybody. In a lot of cases this is true… but for some people, universal IEMs just don’t stay in some people’s ears. This is largely down to potluck; some people just don’t have ears that are well suited to a one size fits most IEM. Some IEMs can be overly bulky or simply not shaped in an appropriate manner that fits well with your outer ear. Universal IEMs will come with tips. Some fit issues can be addressed with changing the tip size or tip material… or both. Tips generally come in two flavours, silicon and foam. Neither are inherently better than the other, they are just different. You need to find the material and size that best suits you. There is a trend on musician’s forums and Facebook groups that Comply foam tips are where it’s at. This isn’t necessarily true – foam tips can disintegrate very quickly with sweaty ears… likewise, silicon tips can easily slide out of sweaty ears. Again, it’s about finding the right tips to fit your ears (if they exist). For silicon tips, I like Spinfits (other tips are available) - they've got a good range to go through to try and find that perfect fit... and of course, if you look on something like Amazon, there are lots of cheap (and expensive) tips that you can try if you are struggling with fit. The fit - and uncomfortable or troublesome fit with generic IEMS - is the primarily reason why people tend to move to custom IEMs. Having a custom IEM made for you means that there are no fit issues - you'll be able to shake your head, do windmills, cartwheels and whatever you could ever imagine - and those custom IEMS will stay firmly in place. The commonly mentioned universals include Shure SE215s and MEE6 inears. I have to say, these aren’t the best by a long stretch, especially when you consider what you can get for your money. They are single dynamic drivers earpieces, with not a lot of headroom and a less than adequate bass response. Whilst they may sound OK listening to music that has been processed and mastered but remember live music is full of transients and not given the post processing and mastering process that recorded music has (unless you have a separate monitoring rig for your mixes – which is not likely if you are using budget IEMs for listening to your monitor mix) and a lot more taxing on IEMs. For those on a budget or taking their first steps into IEMs, I’ll tend to recommend ZS10s – they are a 5 driver per side hybrid setup that can be had for typically less than £40 and will slay most of the competition at a similar price point. Even a move from 215s to ZS10s will immediately show you the benefit of headroom, especially as a bass player. Whilst the ZS10 may not be the best sounding IEMs in isolation, on stage, they have bags of headroom and great low-end response, so for bass players especially, they are a much better investment than many of the commonly mentioned alternatives you see time and time again. Just remember to buy the version without the mic control for on stage use (the mic version being for mobile phones). Other alternatives to look at are the AS10s (non hybrid, 5 balanced armatures per side) or the new AS12 (6 drivers per side) and AS16 (8 per side, flatter sound signature). 1.4.1 HAVING IMPRESSIONS TAKEN (IMPORTANT STUFF IN HERE!) Custom IEMS are made by taking an impression of you ear canals and concha and then building the drivers inside a custom casing that fits perfectly in your ears. Traditionally, this is taken by introducing a medical grade silicon into your ear to create an impression of your ear. This impression needs to be taken by somebody suitably qualified or an audiologist. Before the impression is taken, the ear is checked for being healthy and free from wax. If there is too much wax build up, an impression cannot be taken, and your ears will need to be cleaned by a professional. This is usually called micro suction or an “ear toilet”. It doesn’t hurt – it’s literally a little vacuum cleaner that sucks wax out. I’m a bit weird and like it (and I also like impression being taken also!). If your ear is all looking good, an impression can be taken. This is quite a straightforward process; a gauze is pushed into your ear to stop the medical grade silicone going too deep into your ear (don’t worry, there is a string attached to it so that it can be retrieved post the impression) and then your ear canal is filled with the previously mentioned medical grade silicon which is left to set. Once set, the silicon is still flexible enough to be removed from your ear. The impression is then sliced and diced appropriately before being sent (either physically or as a digital 3d model that has been created via a laser scanner that scans the physical impression) to the manufacturer to be used to make your final custom IEM. There are two important things that must be observed when taking impressions. First of all, the impression needs to go past the second bend in your ear and secondly, a one inch bite block should be in place when the impression is taken. This bite block is to shape your ear canal such that the resulting impression will enable you to be able to sing and smile without the seal on the custom IEM being broken. This is really important as if the custom IEM does not seal, you will get stage sound leaking into your ear and you’ll also lose a lot of bass response… which isn’t great, especially when you have spent a lot of money ensuring that you have lots of bass drivers to give the bass response you'll be looking for. Final thing, when taking impressions, make sure you keep still. Don't talk, don't move, don't do anything... be wary of people taking your impressions and not observing these rules - you will end up with a rubbish impression that in turn will lead to a poor fitting custom. Oh... and beware, you will drool when having your impressions taken, it's normal, don't be embarrassed! (When your impression is being taken, you'll probably be given a tissue in preparation for the drool!) I've been asked of late what I think about having your impressions taken by a 3d ear impression scanner. In short, it doesn't necessarily offer up a better impression - in fact, it can be quite the opposite! Oh boy... without trying to open the Pandora's box... So here are the positives of 3d scans - there's no waste material generated from having moulds taken - it can be quicker to create impressions than through traditional methods (although, if you think like me, if you are spending a lot of money on IEMs, does saving 5 minutes on impressions really that big of a factor?) - it's a less obtrusive procedure (so those with phobias of having substance introduced into their ears may be fans.. although they are missing out on one of the best feelings ever!) - are arguably safer than an unqualified person taking impressions of your ears (although you shouldn't be letting just any Tom, Richard or Harry in your ears anyway!). An audiologist/CIEM specialist will have taken 1000+s of ear impressions without issue - this isn't new territory, hearing aids, swim plugs, ear protectors... they are all moulded using the same technique with silicone material. Conversely, anybody can use a 3d scanner... Here are the myths - 3d scanners generate a better impression - in short, they do not generate a better impression (remember that years of perfect fitting IEMs have been achieved without 3d scanners). In fact, incorrect usage of the scanner can cause unwanted peaks on the impression that can cause problems with the mould. - due to 3d scans not introducing silicone into the ear (and stretching the ear), the fit is better. Using silicone actually creates a slightly oversized mould that gives a tighter fit (fit is very important to ensure you don't get a broken seal which will ruin your IEM experience (breaks in seal will let all your bass out and let all the ambient sound that you want to protect your ears from, in) - 3d scans are universally accepted by all manufacturers. This is not true - For example, JH Audio (the second largest supplier of IEM monitors, (second only to UE - who were founded by Jerry Harvey of JH Audio)) do not currently accept 3d scans from 3d IEM impression scanners. If JH Audio, being such dominant players in the market, aren't accepting 3d scans, it's safe to say, they (and their customers) are more than content with the fitment of IEMs made from traditional silicon impressions - 3d scanned impressions create better IEMs. IEMs can't be "better" because of 3d scans. If the fit on an IEM is good, whether it bit derived from a 3d scan or a silicon impression, it's good. Talking of fit, 3d scans tend to be taken with a closed mouth. A closed mouth impression, coupled with an ear not being filled with silicon, can actually lead to a worse fitting ear impression (especially if you sing! (or smile!) - I've mentioned this previously) - 3d scanners are the only way of getting a digital impression of your ear for reuse (potentially with other manufacturers). If you must have 3d impressions, silicone impressions can be inserted into a 3d scanner to get the digital model of your ear. This is commonplace for taking postage delays out of the equation. Quicker to email than snail mail! - there are fewer errors with 3d scanners. Somebody who is certified in taking silicone impressions, know what they are doing - and will get it right first time, every time. So, whatever your choice of impression, make sure your ear is inspected beforehand and is free of wax by somebody that is certified to do so... and be informed. Both impression types are valid - just don't be swayed by marketing! Anyway, now we have impressions out of the way lets carry on with the rest of the unit - Essentially all IEM casings, independent of model, are the same, it’s the inner electronics (e.g. driver count and crossover) that largely separate them. Not only do you get a perfect fit but because the fit is so much better than a universal IEM, the isolation tends to be better (typically around -26dB) – this is the equivalent of putting your fingers into your ears. This of course, has major advantages; this means that less ambient noise from your surroundings is passing through into your ears… but also means that you don’t have to drive you IEM's drivers as hard to get over the ambient sound from the outside world. Customs are generally made of silicone (flexible) or acrylic (hard). Having had both, there is no notable advantage of one over the other, certainly in terms of fit, comfort or real-world isolation. Silicone is not more comfortable than acrylic – if it is, the acrylic mould is not a good fit in your ear. Silicone does have two disadvantages over acrylic. Over time, it tends to shrink a little and if you have clear, it tends to discolour and go cloudy (choose a smoke colour if you want a translucent colour that doesn’t show the yellowing over time). In my experience, silicone is more prone to cable failure due to the additional flex on the cable attachment. Talking of fit, customs tend to fit well for circa 5 years. After that period, they may need adjustment, a reshell or a replacement. It’s worth noting, however, that due to your ears constantly growing, this can vary from person to person… and things like losing or gaining a lot of weight can influence the fit also. Generally, for acrylic at least, adjustments can be achieved by removing or adding acrylic to perfect the fit, so isn’t really that big of a problem (although it can be a little annoying if you want to use your new IEMs straight away!). For most people, fitment is perfect the day your custom IEM arrives, however the odd fitment issue can occur – and is not something to get overly worried about – it’s fixable without too much of an issue! Modern technology has really been beneficial for the creation of acrylic custom IEMs. With the advent of 3d printing becoming more mainstream, the laborious hand pouring of moulds is a thing of a past. This means that custom IEMs are made with greater accuracy and precision than ever before and at a much-accelerated pace. Customs IEMs used to take months to arrive - now, with the improved manufacturing techniques, IEMs are typically at your doorsteps in under 3 weeks (and typically 2) from the impressions being received by the manufacturer. One of the additional appeals of custom IEMs is that they can be cosmetically altered to your design. Whether you want them made from bits of diamond, wood, bullet ends, right down to custom colours, most of the larger manufacturers are willing to entertain all sorts of design details, images, logos – but be warned, for a cost - and some of these costs can range from very reasonable to very significant! Whatever your design choice, I would always recommend clear or a translucent colour for where the bit which inserts into your ears open out - purely because it allows you to see into the IEM tubes and makes it easy for you to clean and retrieve stray bits of wax which should not be there! For those that have decision anxiety - or want to sport different looks - the UE Switch system (only available on UE inears...) may appeal; it allows you to change faceplates to your heart's desires! Other customisations that you may see, include things like soft tips on acrylic IEMs (as the name suggests, the tips that enter your idea are soft whilst the rest of the IEM is hard acrylic) that can aid comfort for those with sensitive ears (although I have never heard either complain about pain in that are, or likewise, rave about the inclusion of soft tips). Another common (albeit becoming less common) addition, is the inclusion of recessed cable connectors - the idea being that a typical two pin connector that is recessed in to the main IEM housing is more protected to those that are mounted on the edge of the IEM. 1.5 CUSTOM IEMS FROM OVERSEAS Lots of people have a worry about buying IEMs not from the UK or their home territory. A lot of IEMs originate from the USA. The world is now a small place. A build from UE and JH Audio for example, is about 2 weeks, 64 Audio about 3 weeks. The build process is not so automated compared to just a few years ago, the turn around times, as mentioned previously are now a lot, lot lower. What about any repairs and warranty work? Pro IEM builders appreciate that musicians can’t be without such an important piece of hardware. To have some sort of idea of what you can expect, I had a wax blockage in a pair of JH Audio Roxannes that had to be sent back to JH Audio to be cleaned out. They were back in my hands in less than 10 days – including the days that it was in the hands of the postage service. Not too bad considering! 1.6 AMBIENT PORTS? LIVE SYSTEM? A lot of people get anxious about being isolated from the outside world. There is a transition period as you get used to the different sound – but as a rule of thumb, I would always recommend that you want to block out as much ambient noise as possible and work on the premise of if you want to hear something in your monitor, you’ll need to mic it up. So, if you want to hear all the guitars and drums on stage, mic them up. if you want to hear the audience and the room, mic them up. Send those feed into your monitor mix and front of house - but obviously in the case of the audience feed, that should not go out of the front of house mix. So even though I’m not a fan of ambient ports, what are they? Well, as the name suggests, they add a port in the IEM that allows stage sound through the casing and into your ear canal… but at a semi reduced volume. Whilst it does put the feeling of being in the room back, the big disadvantage to having an ambient port installed is that it effectively breaks the seal in your IEM – resulting in a loss of bass, which is obviously not the best for bass players or bass junkies. You may have heard of the ACS Live! System - but what is it all about? What’s the Sensaphonic 3d sound about? They’re actually pretty cool concepts to be honest. Instead of ambient ports, these systems utilise binaural microphones that are installed in the ear pieces. The cables to the ear pieces are fed into a belt pack mixer that sums the monitor mix with the signal from the tiny microphones to enable you to blend in the ambient sound received from the mics… without having a break in the seal. Whilst this is all good in theory, its best suited to those on big stages with low SPL. I have found that with my ACS Live! system, the mics distort very easily, even when the pad on the pack is applied to them to reduce the level from the mic. I would imagine they would be great if you were a singer in the West End or similar – but for me, the results have been somewhat disappointing - the mics distort and the drivers themselves dont seem to be able to handle any bass before going into distortion... If you feel that this (the active ambient system) is the system for you but don't want to go down the custom route, ASI Audio (by Sensaphonics) have released a universal system that includes the same technology that is included in the custom ear pieces. [Just to update, ACS no longer offer the live system and are solely focusing on passive ambient solutions - but I shall leave the references in for completeness] Like the ASI Audio approach but you want customs? You could look at using your 2 pin connector of choice IEM with the Hearmix Pro. Again, very similar concept to the ACS Live! and Sensaphonic 3d systems, however the microphones are built into the cable - and again, there is a belt pack to run along side your wireless receiver or headphone amp. Most recently, JH Audio has released an ambient solution - the Ambient Pro Custom. This system differs from ACS and Sensaphonic approach as the the mics that are placed in the ear pieces do not loop back to the player directly through a belt pack that combines a monitor mix; they go back to the monitoring desk where they can be subjected to processing. The mixing of everything that the wearer hears, is down to what is being mixed (preferably in real time by an engineer) at the desk. It generally a very specialised approach that very few will take up due to cost (it requires stereo wireless transmitters for the DPA mics for starters) - but rather than write a load of stuff that won't be applicable to most, I'll post a Youtube link where Jerry himself explains the system - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5YSVtSmnto I'll also make reference to the Inearz Helyes. These are IEMs with inbuilt mics with onboard pre, amp and battery supply... a different approach to active ambient by putting what is usually in a separate pack in the IEM itself. Personally, for ambient feeds, I have found that a couple of condensers in XY configuration on stage to mix in a little ambient sound is the cheapest approach – although I actually prefer the isolated feeling to be honest - the latter is like listening to a studio CD, which I love. You have to experiment and see what works for you. Adding external mics is not a big issue - and a single or pair of cheap condensers (for stereo) will get your great results. A set of Behringer C2s on a mic stand can be had for less than £40 and will do the job just great. For a great alternative approach, check out section 3.4 under this post https://www.basschat.co.uk/topic/389429-the-iem-bible-thread/?do=findComment&comment=3944327 which provisions an ambient mic setup but also allows for auxiliary monitoring feeds from your mixer (section 3.1). You may have seen Apex/Adel modules on IEMs. These are not ambient ports as such. They are primarily there to reduce any extra pressure that is present in your ear canal and also meant to widen the sound stage. There is some physics behind it but to some it’s snake oil. Make up your own mind. I find my IEMs equipped with the Apex modules do fatigue less – but that may be a placebo effect in action. They don’t really impact any of the bass levels – but you can block them off totally if you think they do. 1.8 WHAT ABOUT SLEEVES FOR MY SHURE 215s ETC? Yes, you can possible get sleeves that fit on your universal/generic monitors. Theses essentially replace the tips and are custom moulded to your ears. People tend to go for these after dipping their foot into the IEM game. Do they work? Well, yes... kind of. They will fit better - but still won't get you in the ball park of a true custom. My advice, given that you most people that get sleeves very quickly move onto customs anyway, is to skip this step. Given you'll have to pay for impressions (which are getting pretty expensive now anyway - London prices are now topping £80) and the cost of the sleeves themselves (circa £150), I would always recommend in saving that money to put towards some customs where you are more likely be able to negotiate some free impressions as part of a custom IEM deal. 1.9 IEM CARE Keeping your IEMs clean is very important. There are two main things that you can do to keep your IEMs clean and your ears healthy and free from infection. First up, alcohol wipes are great for cleaning your IEMs and keeping any nasties at bay. ALWAYS keep the tubes of your IEMs clean. Get into a regular cycle of cleaning your IEMs after every performance. Wax build up is the number one problem associated with IEMs. If you don’t keep your IEMs cleaned, the audio tubes can get blocked. If they get too blocked, they can’t be cleaned with a wax pick. If you can’t clean them with a wax pick, they will need to be vacuumed. If the wax has gone too far, it can damage the driver, which will require the case opening (e.g. return back to the manufacturer) and the driver to be replaced. In short, for the 30 seconds it takes, just check the IEM tubes are clean after every gig and fish out any stray wax with a wax pick. Some IEMs (e.g. 64 audio, have a gauze over the tube ends to attempt to stop the ingress of wax - beware however, if the wax melts into the gauze, it's very difficult/impossible to remove in situ - so the same applies with IEMs with this in place... clean regularly! For the obsessive, you can get UV baths which both dry and kill any nasties that may be residing on your IEMs. These are just little cases in which you put your IEMs, air circulates to dry your IEM (any moisture is taken out of the air via silica gel) and the UV light zaps any potential sources of infection. Overall though, keeping your IEMs in a clean bill of health is easy. Wipe them down and clean out any stray wax after EVERY use (without fail!). 1.8 CABLES I see people mention cable upgrades. In short, yes, you can get better cables… and very expensive cables… but what I will say, in a band environment, are your ears really bothered or able to distinguish between minute details? If you feel the answer is yes, then by all means, upgrade… however, to really be able to distinguish the difference I would say you should be an environment that is quiet and suitable for critical listening. For onstage use, any upgrades I think, should be down to stock cables being too springy, or prone to getting tangled. Most of the big manufacturers now use cable where this isn’t an issue any longer. Other things to consider when ordering cables, is to ensure they are the right length. Don’t get too long a cable such that it is dandling around your kneecaps when you are performing. Doing that is more likely going to cause the IEMs to be damaged by inadvertently being yanked out of your ear. A drummer, however, may want to use a longer cable to plug into a nearby mixer. Always coil you cable properly after IEM use. If anything is going to fail on an IEM, it’s a cable. Make sure you look after the cable, don’t just shove your IEMs and cables in your pocket, take time to store them properly in their cases and you won’t have any issues. One last thing for those people with OCD. Silver cables look great but do tend to go green over time as they age. If you can’t cope with that, play it safe and go with black sheathed cables. Finally, If you do go for an aftermarket cable, ensure that you put a set with the right connector type. Both JH Audio and Ultimate Ears make IEMs with proprietary connectors - so make sure whatever cable type you buy are compatible with your IEM's connectors. USEFUL LINKS : http://www.custom-inearmonitors.co.uk/ - UK based dealer for primarily JH Audio, 64 Audio and Ultimate Ears https://jhaudio.com/ - JH Audio website https://www.64audio.com/ - 64 Audio (formerly 1964) website https://pro.ultimateears.com/ - Ultimate Ears https://www.acscustom.com/uk/products/in-ear-monitors/live-series/ - ACS Live! system (discontinued) https://www.sensaphonics.com/products/3dme-music-enhancement-system-asi-audio-x-sensaphonics - Sensaphonics 3DME music enhancement ASI Audio X https://asiaudio.com - ASI Audio 3DME - same tech as above but housed in universal fit ear pieces https://www.inear.de/en/products/monitoring/active-ambience-sound/hearmix-pro - Hearmix Pro - same tech as above, but the microphones are housed in the cable (and can be used with 2 pin connector IEMs) https://inearz.com/collections/helyes - ambient IEM solutions with the ambient pack built into the ear piece http://www.kzacoustics.com/ - Home of ZS10s https://www.spinfiteartip.com/en - Spinfit silicone tips for generic IEMS https://www.complyfoam.com - Comply foam tips for generic IEMS https://www.behringer.com/product.html?modelCode=P0263 - Behringer C2 condensers - great for ambient mics on a budget http://www.robinsonhealthcare.com/5885 - Alcohol wipes (I use these alcohol wipes because they are just the right size and great on computer screens too!) *other IEM manufacturers available, these are the ones that I have used/bought etc. Paul at CIEM tends to help a lot of Basschatters out with their custom needs and you'll tend to find me at the shows with Paul to help him out. I am not employed or have shares in or anything like that with CIEM company - it's just a great and rare place in the fact that you can try all the models of CIEMs out from the top 3 manufacturers. Testing out customs you say?? How can you do that? Well, the manufacturers provide test models with tips (like on universal/generic IEMs) so you can get a flavour of their sound signature.

I love Sausage Rolls gets my vote... purely on the fact that it's raising money for food banks.... oh and to pee Chris Moyles off. What a t***. EDIT: Jarvis' is donating all money to Shelter. Game on now then.

If you put two aux channels into a single MEI1000, you can run the receivers in mono "focus" mode, where you effectively blend between the two signals... so if you blend 100% to aux mix 1, you'll only get mix 1 in your ears. Likewise, 100%to aux mix 2, you'd only get mix 2. You could get smart here though, and run the band on one aux, and singers on the other... so band members can effectively mix with a band bias, and vocalists with a vocal bias in their ears. Traditionally, use would use 2 auxes for a true LR stereo mix in your ears... but the above would result in mono in your ears... but has some flexibility in mixing without costing you any extra auxes or hardware. So off one transmitter, you can receive the signal it produces off as many receivers as you like.. and on those receivers, you can create a little submix to your liking. Alternatively, you could just have one or two mixes available to everybody and that's it... or one stereo mix that everybody shares. If you are buying two MEI1000s to run two mono channels, you are wasting your money on an extra transmitter... unless you want a backup of course.

Correct.

Not duplicating. If I recall, there are auxes available to patch even though there are only 2 xlr aux outs. Patch auxes 3 and 4 to the headphone out in routing. Powerplay - are you talking about the P16? If so, then no. You need Ultranet... which is only the XR18 desks(or X32 and Midas equivalents)

As in the aux bus.

Yes - I believe so in the 12 and 16

If it’s an analogue system, then it’s like a standard radio system... you have one transmitter and then everybody can tune into the transmission from that system... so in that case, your maximum number of receivers is pretty limitless! With digital systems, they are 1 to 1 - so a receiver pairs with a transmitter. What the xvive specs are saying is that they have 4 frequencies that they will operate on... so you can run 4 paired systems before running into interference issues. (Assuming nothing else is causing interference - like WiFi routers etc) 2. It depends if you want something that’ll do - or something that is approaching the quality of a cable.

Hopefully they will make it all worthwhile. I cannot imagine gigging without iems. When you get your UEs, be prepared to lose your mind! Best thing you can do for yourself and for your band.

Get some fuse wire and fashion your own hook. I've never in all my years of IEMs seen that before. Have you got really small ear canals? I must say, that it looks like the unit itself is pretty small - so would suggest you have small ears, or at least small concha. If you are wondering about "concha"...

How big is the wax cleaning tool? The ACS ones for example, are bigger than the ones that are generally supplied with acrylic IEMs. My ACS wax cleaning tools won't fit into my acrylic IEMs for example.

1 - Shouldn't do. Active/Passing is typically a pad/attenuator (depending upon your preferred terminology). All it's doing is turning the incoming signal down by a predetermined amount of dB. 2 - Ish. When you turn the volume down, you are basically sending some of your signal to ground, some to the amp. Treble more readily goes to ground. Hence, turning down the volume also has the impact of turning down the treble. Active wise, depends on what the circuit is doing. So yeah, you'll be turning down the signal... but you *may* be changing the tone too. This is largely more noticeable on guitars than bass though. 3 -- yes. Depends on your bass though. If you exceed the headroom on the input, it will start to clip. If you run an active bass into a passive input and it still doesn't clip, it's all good. Some basses for example, are so hot, if you were to run it into the passive input, you may still not be able to turn down the input pot enough to stop it clipping... or you may not have enough variance in the pot between clipping and no clipping if you are right on the edge of the pots travel. Hopefully this makes sense?

@dmccombe7 - I'm not really sure what I'm being asked?

Probably a very good reason for that.

Which IEMs have you got?